Power Generation In Nigeria

POWER GENERATION IN NIGERIA

Nigeria has an installed generation capacity of 8,644MW of which 6,905MW is government owned. Over the past two decades, population has increased to 150 million, with an average GDP growth rate of 6.66%, over the last 5years. Within this period, power generation capacity has stagnated. These factors, combined with inadequate maintenance of existing power generation stations, have given rise to severe generation shortages. It is estimated that 26,561MW will be required in the next 9 years to meet demand as envisioned in the Vision 20: 2020 target.

CURRENT STATUS OF POWER GENERATION

Overview of Power Generation

The Nigerian Power Generation sector can be detailed into the following sub-sectors:

(a) Existing Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) Power Generation facilities.

(b) Independent Power Projects.

(c) National Integrated Power Projects.

W)

Existing Govt. Owned Power Stations – Hydro:

Existing FGN Power Stations – Thermal:

Independent Power Projects:

The IPP’s are the non-FGN funded investment in the Nigerian power generation industry

National Integrated Power Projects (NIPP):

The NIPP is funded and owned by the three tiers of government (federal, states and LGAs.) These facilities are currently being constructed and will be operated via Operations and Maintenance contracts, when commissioned, prior to the privatization of these stations.

INSTALLED VS. AVAILABLE CAPACITY

Current Average power generation is 3,200MW

POWER GENERATION CAPACITY TREND

POWER GENERATION ISSUES

·         Under-Investment

Ø  Stagnated Power Generation Growth.

Ø  Inadequate Operations and Maintenance.

·         Lack of Human Capacity development

·         Non-diversified Generation Mix:

Ø  Missing sources

v  Coal

v  Solar

v  Wind

v  Bio-thermal

FUTURE OF POWER GENERATION

Ø  Power Generation gap of 26,561MW expected to be closed by 2020. Consequently, an annual growth of approximately 3,000MW is required.

Ø  Post-2020, it is projected that the annual growth will reduce to approximately 1,500MW, up to 2033.

Ø  It is planned that this growth will be driven by the private sector.

Ø  It is expected that the growth will be supported by a robust commercial market

POTENTIAL FOR INVESTMENT

Ø  Refurbishment of existing power stations and subsequent expansion.

Ø  Construction of new power generation plants.

Ø  Provision of Operations and Maintenance Services.

Ø  Human Capacity Development.

CONCLUSION

Ø  As highlighted in this presentation, it is obvious that power generation has not developed as required.

Ø  This has necessitated the full implementation of the Electric Power Sector Reform as a key priority of the Nigerian Government.

Ø  Consequently, there exists ample investment opportunities in the power generation sector.

CD-ROM

CD-ROM      

A CD-ROM ( /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/, an acronym of "Compact Disc Read-only memory") is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 “Yellow Book” standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.

CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including video games and multimedia applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc). Some CDs hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as ISO 9660 format PC CD-ROMs). These are called enhanced CDs.

Although many people use lowercase letters in this acronym, proper presentation is in all capital letters with a hyphen between CD and ROM. At the time of the technology's introduction it had more capacity than computer hard drives common at the time. The reverse is now true, with hard drives far exceeding CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray, though some experimental descendants of it such as HVDs may have more space and faster data rates than today's biggest hard drive.

CD-ROM discs are identical in appearance to audio CDs, and data are stored and retrieved in a very similar manner (only differing from audio CDs in the standards used to store the data). Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic, with a thin layer of aluminium to make a reflective surface. The most common size of CD-ROM disc is 120 mm in diameter, though the smaller Mini CD standard with an 80 mm diameter, as well as numerous non-standard sizes and shapes (e.g., business card-sized media) are also available. Data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations. A laser is shone onto the reflective surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits and lands ("pits", with the gaps between them referred to as "lands"). Because the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the wavelength of the laser light used to read the disc, the reflected beam's phase is shifted in relation to the incoming beam, causing destructive interference and reducing the reflected beam's intensity. This pattern of changing intensity of the reflected beam is converted into binary data.

Standard

Several formats are used for data stored on compact discs, known as the Rainbow Books. These include the original Red Book standards for CD audio, White Book and Yellow Book CD-ROM. The ISO/IEC 10149 / ECMA-130 standard, which gives a thorough description of the physics and physical layer of the CD-ROM, inclusive of cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding (CIRC) and eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), can be downloaded from ISO[1] or ECMA.

Capacity

CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with binary prefixes, subtracting the space used for error correction data. A standard 120 mm, 700 MB CD-ROM can actually hold about 737 MB (703 MiB) of data with error correction (or 847 MB total). In comparison, a single-layer DVD-ROM can hold 4.7 GB of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs.

ROM can easily store the entirety of a paper encyclopedia's words and images, plus audio & video clips

Type	Sectors	Data max. size	Data max. size	Audio max. size	Time
		(MB)	Approx. (MiB)
8 cm	94,500	193.536	184.570	222.264	21
	283,500	580.608	553.711	666.792	63
650 MB	333,000	681.984	650.391	783.216	74
700 MB	360,000	737.280	703.125	846.720	80
800 MB	405,000	829.440	791.016	952.560	90
900 MB	445,000	912.384	870.117	1,047.816	99

Note: megabyte (MB) and minute (min) values are exact; MiB values are approximate

Compact Disc (CD)

The Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings exclusively, but later expanded to encompass data storage (CD-ROM), write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Discs (VCD), Super Video Compact Discs (SVCD), PhotoCD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.

Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and can hold up to 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or 700 MB (700 × 220 bytes) of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio or delivering device drivers.

CD-ROMs and CD-Rs remain widely used technologies in the computer industry. The CD and its extensions are successful: in 2004, worldwide sales of CD audio, CD-ROM, and CD-R reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide.[1] Compact Discs are increasingly being replaced or supplemented by other forms of digital distribution and storage, such as downloading and flash drives, with audio CD sales dropping nearly 50% from their peak in 2000

Manufacturing tolerances

Current manufacturing processes allow an audio CD to contain up to 80 minutes (variable from one replication plant to another) without requiring the content creator to sign a waiver releasing the plant owner from responsibility if the CD produced is marginally or entirely unreadable by some playback equipment. Thus, in current practice, maximum CD playing time has crept higher by reducing minimum engineering tolerances; by and large, this has not unacceptably reduced reliability.